Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 22
Filter
1.
Rev. medica electron ; 41(4): 959-978, jul.-ago. 2019.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1094101

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La ontogenia humana está basada en fundamentos genéticos y epigenéticos. Con el objetivo de estructurar los referentes teóricos sobre el papel relevante de la epigenética en la ontogenianormal y defectuosa que contribuyan a la promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedad, se realizó la revisión de 37 referencias bibliográficas. La epigenética es el conjunto de procesos químicos dependientes del ambiente que modifican la expresión del ácido desoxirribonucleico, sin alterar su secuencia. Su acción está presente durante toda la vida, especialmente en la prenatal cuando, por modificaciones ambientales intraútero ocurre la programación epigenética que hace al humano susceptible a defectos en la ontogenia, incluso a padecer ulteriormente de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Se han reportado factores ambientales inductores de marcas epigenéticas, entre ellos: alimentación, hábitos tóxicos, estrés, consumo inadecuado de ácido fólico y técnicas de reproducción asistida, todos modificables; su conocimiento constituye un baluarte inestimable en la promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedad.


ABSTRACT Human ontogeny is based in genetic and epigenetic fundaments. 37 bibliographic references were reviewed with the objective of structuring the theoretical referents on the relevant role of epigenetics in normal and defective ontogeny to contribute to health promotion and disease prevention. Epigenetics is the whole of chemical processes depending from the environment that modify the deoxyribonucleic acid expression without modifying its sequence. Its action is present during all lifetime, especially at pre-natal times; when due to intrauterine environmental modifications the epigenetic programming takes place, making humans susceptible to defects in ontogeny, even to subsequently suffer non-communicable chronic diseases. Environmental factors inducing epigenetic marks have been reported: food, toxic habits, stress, folic acid inadequate intake and assisted reproduction techniques, all modifiable. Its knowledge is an invaluable bulkward in health promotion and disease prevention.


Subject(s)
Humans , Preventive Health Services , Fetal Development/genetics , Disease Prevention , Epigenomics , Human Genetics , Genetics, Medical , Health Promotion , Impacts of Polution on Health , Environmental Hazards , Genetic Code
2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(8): e00037716, Aug. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-952336

ABSTRACT

A comunicação de notícias diagnósticas em contextos de saúde é um evento potencialmente impactante para todos os envolvidos. Contudo, apesar de constante no contexto médico-paciente, essa tarefa ainda é escassamente tratada na formação clínica. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram os de descrever e avaliar como as notícias difíceis podem ser comunicadas de forma mais abrandada em casos de síndromes e/ou de malformações fetais em consultas de aconselhamento genético. Para isso, foram analisadas 33 interações naturalísticas (i.e. situações reais de consultas), gravadas e transcritas, pela perspectiva teórica e metodológica da Análise da Conversa de base etnometodológica. Essas interações consistiram em consultas da genética clínica com gestantes atendidas em um serviço de medicina fetal de um hospital materno-infantil de referência do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). A análise evidenciou que a entrega de notícias difíceis pode ser acompanhada por perspectivas otimistas escalonadas conforme a gravidade de cada situação. Na ausência de diagnóstico, o fechamento das consultas pode ser realizado com aspectos positivos, como recomendações de cuidados paliativos, de forma que a paciente sempre saia da consulta com algum tipo de recomendação. Propõe-se, com este estudo, inovar e alargar o escopo de estudos sobre a comunicação de notícias difíceis na relação médico-paciente no Brasil, justamente ao desenvolver uma análise de interações reais de atendimento e, assim, prover subsídios interacionais para a formação de profissionais da saúde que têm essa tarefa em sua rotina.


Communicating diagnostic news in health contexts is a potentially difficult event for all parties involved. However, despite this task's presence in the physician-patient context, it is rarely addressed during clinical training. The current study thus aimed to describe and evaluate how difficult news can be toned down during genetic counseling sessions involving cases of fetal syndromes and/or malformations. The study analyzed 33 naturalistic interactions (i.e. real situations), taped and transcribed, according to the theoretical and methodological perspective of Conversation Analysis, with an ethnomethodological basis. These interactions consisted of sessions in clinical genetics with pregnant women seen at the fetal medicine service of a reference hospital for maternal and child health in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The analysis showed that communicating difficult news can be accompanied by optimistic perspectives that are scaled-up according to each situation's severity. In the absence of a positive diagnosis, the appointments can conclude with positive aspects such as recommendations for palliative care, so that the patient always leaves the appointment with some kind of recommendation. This study proposes to innovate and expand the scope of studies on communicating difficult news in the physician-patient relationship in Brazil, precisely by developing an analysis of real interactions in genetic counseling and thus providing interactional backing for training health professionals that deal with this challenge in their routine work.


La comunicación de noticias diagnósticas en contextos de salud es un evento potencialmente impactante para todos los involucrados. No obstante, a pesar de ser constante en el contexto médico-paciente, esta tarea todavía es escasamente tratada en la formación clínica. Por ello, los objetivos de este estudio fueron los de describir y evaluar cómo las noticias difíciles pueden ser comunicadas de una forma más mitigada, en casos de síndromes y/o de malformaciones fetales en consultas de asesoramiento genético. Para este fin, se analizaron 33 interacciones naturales (p.ej. situaciones reales de consultas), grabadas y transcritas, mediante la perspectiva teórica y metodológica del Análisis de la Conversación con base etnometodológica. Estas interacciones consistieron en consultas de genética clínica con gestantes atendidas en un servicio de medicina fetal de un hospital materno-infantil de referencia, perteneciente al Sistema Único de Salud brasileño (SUS). El análisis evidenció que la comunicación de noticias difíciles puede ser acompañada de perspectivas optimistas escalonadas, conforme la gravedad de cada situación. En ausencia de diagnóstico, el final de las consultas puede realizarse con aspectos positivos, como recomendaciones de cuidados paliativos, de forma que el paciente siempre salga de la consulta con algún tipo de recomendación. Se propone, con este estudio, innovar y alargar el alcance de estudios sobre la comunicación de noticias difíciles, en la relación médico-paciente en Brasil, justamente al desarrollar un análisis de interacciones reales de atención y, así, proveer ayudas para la formación de profesionales de la salud que tiene esa tarea como parte de su rutina.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Physician-Patient Relations , Truth Disclosure , Fetal Development/genetics , Genetic Counseling , Prenatal Diagnosis , Tape Recording , Brazil , Focus Groups , Education, Medical
3.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 87(1): 4-10, feb. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-779467

ABSTRACT

La asociación entre factores ambientales presentes durante el desarrollo embrionario/fetal y enfermedades que puedan presentarse durante la vida representa un campo de creciente interés. En este contexto la evidencia actual apoya fuertemente que alteraciones en el crecimiento intrauterino y durante los primeros años de vida presentan una fuerte influencia en el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas que en muchos casos pudiera ser mayor que la carga genética del paciente. La persistencia y reproducibilidad de los fenotipos asociados a alteraciones en el desarrollo temprano sugieren la participación de mecanismos moleculares que registran dichas modificaciones (i.e. mecanismos epigenéticos) generando una «reprogramación¼ celular y fisiológica. Esta revisión es la introducción a una serie de 5 artículos en torno a la participación de los mecanismos epigenéticos en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas (i.e. cardiovasculares, metabólicas, asma/alergias y cáncer) y su relación con el origen de dichas enfermedades en etapas tempranas del desarrollo. El objetivo de esta serie es mostrar el estado actual de esta área de la investigación y presentar los desafíos e interrogantes futuros en los cuales la pediatría tiene un papel preponderante, desarrollando estrategias para la prevención, detección precoz y seguimiento.


Current evidence supports the notion that alterations in intrauterine growth and during the first years of life have a substantial effect on the risk for the development of chronic disease, which in some cases is even higher than those due to genetic factors. The persistence and reproducibility of the phenotypes associated with altered early development suggest the participation of mechanisms that would record environmental cues, generating a cellular reprogramming (i.e. epigenetic mechanisms). This review is an introduction to a series of five articles focused on the participation of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of highly prevalent chronic diseases (i.e. cardiovascular, metabolic, asthma/allergies and cancer) and their origins in the foetal and neonatal period. This series of articles aims to show the state of the art in this research area and present the upcoming clues and challenges, in which paediatricians have a prominent role, developing strategies for the prevention, early detection and follow-up.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics , Fetal Development/genetics , Pediatricians/organization & administration , Physician's Role , Chronic Disease , Reproducibility of Results , Genetic Predisposition to Disease
4.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2016. 101 p. tab, graf, ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-846634

ABSTRACT

O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de neoplasia mais prevalente no mundo e o mais comum entre as mulheres. É descrito que o padrão de consumo alimentar materno e paterno está relacionado à suscetibilidade da prole ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, inclusive o câncer. A amora-preta é uma das frutas com maior conteúdo antioxidante e seus compostos bioativos possuem atividade antioxidante, anticarcinogênica e anti-inflamatória. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe avaliar os efeitos do consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta (Rubus spp.) na suscetibilidade da prole feminina ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias mamárias quimicamente induzidas. Para tanto, camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: pai amora (PA), mãe amora (MA), pai e mãe amora (PMA) e controle (CTRL). Os pais receberam extrato de amora-preta logo após o desmame durante 8 semanas e as mães receberam o extrato durante a gestação e lactação. O extrato de amora-preta foi administrado na água de beber (0.84g de antocianinas/L) ad libitum. Os pais tratados com extrato de amora apresentaram redução na atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e da catalase (CAT) no testículo (p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente), aumento na capacidade antioxidante plasmática, na porcentagem de espermatozoides normais e na produção diária de espermatozóides em relação ao grupo controle (p<0.001 para todos). Além disso, os grupos PA, MA e PMA apresentaram aumento na taxa de prenhez (p<0.05) e redução da mortalidade perinatal (p<0.01, p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Em relação à prole feminina não submetida à carcinogênese foi observada redução na capacidade antioxidante plasmática nos grupos PA (p<0.001) e MA (p<0.01), enquanto o grupo PMA apresentou aumento nesse parâmetro (p<0.001). No desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, houve aumento do desenvolvimento epitelial nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.001 para todos), de diferenciação nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.01 para ambos) e da taxa de apoptose nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.05), além de redução no número de TEBs nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.01, p<0.001 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Não foram observadas alterações significativas nas filhas submetidas à indução química da carcinogênese mamária por DMBA. Assim, é possível concluir que apesar de ter alterado o desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, o consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta não foi capaz de impactar sobre a suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida


Breast cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer in the world and the most common among women. It is known that maternal and paternal food intake pattern are related to offspring susceptibility to non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Blackberry is one of the fruits with high antioxidant content and its compounds have antioxidant, anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. So, the aim of the present study was evaluate the effects of maternal and/or paternal blackberry extract consumption on female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups: father blackberry (FB), mother blackberry (MB), father and mother blackberry (FMB) and control (CTRL). Fathers received blackberry extract from weaning during 8 weeks and the mothers were treated during gestation and lactation. Blackberry extract was given in the drink water (0.84g anthocyanins/L) ad libitum. Fathers treated with blackberry had a reduction on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the testis (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectivelly), an increase on plasmatic antioxidant capacity, percentage of normal sperm and daily sperm production in relation to control group (p<0.001 for all comparisons). Moreover, FB, MB and FMB groups had an increase of pregnancy rate (p<0.05) and a decrease of perinatal mortality (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). Female offspring had a reduction of plasmatic antioxidant capacitity in FB (p<0.001) and MB (p<0.01) groups, while FMB group showed an increase in this parameter (p<0.001). On mammary gland development, it was observed higher epithelial development in FB, MB and FMB groups (p<0.001 for all comparisons), increased differentiation in MB and FMB groups (p<0.01 for both) and higher apoptosis rate in MB and FMB groups (p<0.05 for both), besides decreased TEBs number in FB, MB and FMB groups (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). It was not found significant differences in the female offspring submitted to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis. So, it is possible to conclude that in spite of maternal and/or paternal blackberry extract consumption changed the mammary gland development, it was not able to change the female offspring susceptibility to chemically-induced breast carcinogenesis


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Mice , Carcinogenesis , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Fetal Development/genetics , Polyphenols/adverse effects
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 142(8): 961-965, ago. 2014. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-728343

ABSTRACT

Background: Studies performed in Andean populations living in high altitude, indicate that the reduced availability of oxygen could be associated to both a fetal growth retardation and a lower birth weight. These variables are predictive of morbidity and mortality during the first year of life. Aim: To study perinatal variables of newborns of mothers living at contrasting altitudinal levels, harboring different degrees of Aymara ancestry. Subjects and Methods: Review of medical records of 5,295 women whose deliveries occurred between February 2004 and August 2010. Information was obtained on place of residence, grouped into two categories: coast (150 to 3,000 m) and high plateau (3,000 to 4,300 m), ancestry was estimated using number of Aymara surnames that were homologated to percentages of Amerindian admixture, gestational age, birth weight, height, head circumference and obstetric variables. Results: Gestational age showed a tendency to increase and birth weight, height and head circumference to decrease with altitude of residence. Only weight reached statistical significance. Women with Aymara ancestry gave birth to children with a significantly higher gestational age, weight and cranial circumference. Conclusions: Altitude of residence is related to a decrease in perinatal variables that proved to be less pronounced in newborns of mothers with a higher degree of Aymara ancestry. Results suggest a genetic adaptation to hypoxia that could be related to candidate genes linked to the capture, transport or utilization of oxygen.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Adaptation, Physiological/genetics , Altitude , Birth Weight/genetics , Body Height/genetics , Fetal Development/genetics , Indians, South American/genetics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Geography, Medical , Gestational Age
8.
J. bras. med ; 100(5): 41-45, nov.-dez. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-668655

ABSTRACT

O hormônio do crescimento (GH), ou somatotropina, é um hormônio secretado pela glândula hipófise anterior, cuja função é promover e controlar o crescimento corporal. Polimorfismos em receptores de hormônios têm sido apontados como importantes no desenvolvimento de muitas doenças e, entre os polimorfismos do gene GHR, o polimorfismo representado pela deleção do éxon 3 do gene GHR (GHRd3) tem sido o mais estudado. Este polimorfismo tem influência sobre a expressão e/ou responsividade do GHR, afetando sua ligação ao GH. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão sobre o polimorfismo GHRd3 e suas implicações na prática clínica


Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, whose function is to promote and control the body growth. Polymorphisms in hormone receptors have been identified as important in the development of many diseases, and, among the GHR gene polymorphisms, the polymorphism represented by the deletion of exon 3 of the GHR gene (GHRd3) has been the most studied. This polymorphism influences the expression and/or responsiveness of GHR, affecting its binding to GH. The aim of this study is to perform a review of GHRd3 polymorphism and its implications for clinical practice


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Human Growth Hormone , Polymorphism, Genetic , Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics , Fetal Development/genetics , Exons/genetics , Gene Deletion , Growth Disorders , Recombinant Proteins
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 29(1): 268-271, Mar. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-591985

ABSTRACT

Calcium along with phosphorus and carbonate imparts hardness and strength to skeletal system. Most of the human studies in this context are based on informations in postnatal life. There are different theories to explain the manner in which the matrix of bone becomes impregnated with the two inorganic salts, calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. In our study, 29 human foetuses were obtained from the museum section of Department of Anatomy, J .N. Medical College, Aligarh, and divided into five groups. Maxillae were cleaned by separating the soft tissue and dissolved in concentrated nitric acid to determine calcium. Results were analysed by using Student's 't' test. The most striking feature of our findings was a reduction in aforementioned relative calcium in subsequent groups of foetuses. This decrease was highly significant in foetuses of last three groups i.e. III, IV and V. On the other hand, when total amount of calcium in foetal maxillae of adjacent groups were compared, a steady rise in concentration of calcium was noticed but no definite pattern was observed. Sexual dimorphism could be considered only in groups IV and V foetuses due to lack of female foetuses in first three groups. Some scientists did consider the human foetal bones but their interests were confined to parietal bone, femur and teeth. None of the earlier studies considered calcium concentration in maxillae of human foetuses. Therefore, our study aimed at measuring the level of calcium in maxillae of developing human foetuses in different age groups to find pattern, if any, during development for medicolegal purposes.


El calcio junto con el fósforo y el carbonato otorgan la dureza y la fuerza al sistema esquelético. La mayoría de los estudios en seres humanos se basan en la información de la vida postnatal. Existen diferentes teorías para explicar la manera en que la matriz del hueso se impregna con las de sales inorgánicas, fosfato de calcio y carbonato de calcio. Fueron utilizados 29 fetos humanos del Museo del Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad J. N. Medical, Aligarh, divididos en cinco grupos. Los maxilares fueron limpiados separando los tejidos blandos, luego se disolvieron en ácido nítrico concentrado para determinar el nivel de calcio. Los resultados se analizaron a través de la prueba t de Student. La característica más notable fue la reducción de calcio en los grupos subsecuentes de los fetos. Esta disminución fue muy significativa en los fetos de los tres últimos grupos es decir, III, IV y V. Por otro lado, cuando se comparó la cantidad total de calcio en maxilares fetales de los grupos adyacentes, se observó un aumento constante en la concentración de calcio, sin ningún patrón definido. El dimorfismo sexual pudo ser considerado sólo en los grupos IV y V de los fetos, ya que la falta de fetos femeninos en los primeros tres grupos impidió su comparación. Algunos científicos han examinado los huesos del feto humano, pero sus intereses se limitan a los huesos parietales, al fémur y los dientes. Ningún de los primeros estudios considera la concentración de calcio en los maxilares de los fetos humanos. Así el objetivo de este estudio fue medir el nivel de calcio durante desarrollo de fetos humanos en maxilares de fetos de diferentes edades para determinar algún patrón, si los hubiera, con fines médico-legales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Fetal Development , Fetal Development/genetics , Fetus/anatomy & histology , Fetus/ultrastructure , Calcium/deficiency , Calcium/supply & distribution , Fetal Research
10.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 62(6): 1388-1393, dez. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-576037

ABSTRACT

Avaliaram-se as características histomorfométricas do placentomo da vaca Nelore nos terços inicial, médio e final da gestação utilizando-se 52 úteros gestantes. Para a estimativa do estádio gestacional, foram utilizados aspectos do desenvolvimento fetal. Foram coletados fragmentos de um placentomo localizado no corno uterino ipsilateral ao corpo lúteo, os quais foram imersos em solução de formol e, posteriormente, processados histologicamente, incluídos em parafina e corados com hematoxilina-eosina. O estudo das proporções volumétricas foi feito utilizando-se microscópio de luz equipado com ocular integradora. Foi feita, também, a quantificação das células epiteliais nas criptas das carúnculas por meio de microscopia de luz e uma ocular micrométrica com 100 divisões. Foi verificado decréscimo no número das células maternas do epitélio das criptas no final da gestação. Os números médios das células binucleadas do trofoblasto, nos terços inicial, médio e final da gestação, mantiveram-se semelhantes, bem como a proporção volumétrica dos componentes dos tecidos conjuntivos materno e fetal e dos vasos no tecido materno. No tecido fetal, ocorreu aumento gradativo do tecido conjuntivo nos terços inicial, médio e final.


Histomorphometric characteristics of the placentome of the Nelore cow in the initial, medium, and final trimesters of pregnancy were evaluated using 52 pregnant uteri. For the estimation of the gestational age, aspects of fetal development were used. Fragments of a placentome of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum, which were immersed in formalin solution were collected, and processed for routine histological technique, included in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The study of the volumetric proportion was done using a light microscope equipped with an integrated ocular. It was also made the quantification of the epithelial cells in the crypts of caruncles by light microscopy and with the help of a micrometric ocular with a grid of 100 divisions. It was found a decrease in the number of maternal cells of the epithelium in the crypts in advanced pregnancy. The average number of binucleate trophoblast cells remained similar throughout gestation, as well as the volumetric proportion of components of the maternal and fetal connective tissue and maternal blood vessels. For the fetal tissues, there was a progressive increase in the connective tissue in the three trimester of pregnancy.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle/classification , Pregnancy , Fetal Development/genetics , Placenta Diseases/pathology
11.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 62(6): 1507-1510, dez. 2010. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-576055

ABSTRACT

A simplified, fast, and innovative method was developed to count the total cell number in blastocysts. Murine blastocysts (N = 195) were used in this study. They were obtained after 10h culture of initial blastocysts, compact morulae grades I and II recovered from superovulated mouse. After culture, the blastococysts were selected to test the new proposal of counting. The process was done after embryo fixation in a sodium citrate solution, and adherence in glass slide. Following, the coloration was done using a fast panoptic coloration kit. As a result, it was possible to identify the blastomeres and count them in each blastocyst. This method provided a fast and effective analysis of the total cell number when compared with other techniques. Moreover, this new method shows advantages related to the cell visualization, which can be done in more simple equipment like stereoscopic microscope. Other interesting observed point was the long period of time and quality that the coloration stays on slides, considering other techniques.


Subject(s)
Animals , Muridae/classification , Sheep/classification , Cell Count , Fetal Development/genetics
12.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 136(12): 1552-1558, dic. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-508908

ABSTRACT

In approximately 15 percent of homosexual men, their phenotype is associated to the fraternal birth order. Older biological brothers induce in their mothers anti-male factors (antibodies) that interfere the brain maleness development ofyounger fetuses. This effect is seldom seen in non-right-handed men and is not seen in women. The influence of older siblings is seen in their sex ratio (SR). In contradiction with previous hypothesis, significant heterogeneities of SR have been found among older siblings of males or females, right or non-right-handed and homo or heterosexual individuáis. This can only be understood as if the ñndings found among homosexuals were part of a general mechanism of fetus-maternal tolerance-rejection processes of placental mammals. We found, in relation to ABO and Rh systems and sex, that embryos with genes different from those of their mothers, induced better pregnancies and maternal tolerance than embryos similar to their mothers. Assuming that homo or heterosexuality and right or non-right-handedness behave similar to ABO or Rh alíeles, the author provides a speculative interpretation ofthese results. Homosexual women (¡esbians) and especially if they are non-right-handed, are preceded by siblings with a high SR (maternal environment with anti-female or pro-male factors); then lesbianism or non-right-handedness may induce tolerance to be a woman in such anti-female environment. Non-right-handedness could induce tolerance for anti-male factors of mothers, thus preventing the production ofgays in a pro-male maternal environment, but leading to the production of non-right-handed gays in anti-male maternal environments. Several new hypotheses and interpretations merge from this newproposition. Also, complete sexual orientation could be acquired after birth.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , Birth Order , Fetal Development/immunology , Functional Laterality , Homosexuality , Immune Tolerance/immunology , Sex Ratio , Fetal Development/genetics , Functional Laterality/genetics , Genotype , Homosexuality, Female/genetics , Homosexuality, Male/genetics , Phenotype
13.
Clinics ; 61(2): 127-132, Apr. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-426293

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da histocompatibilidade genética materno-fetal e sua associação com a desnutrição materna em relação ao crescimento fetal e número de fetos. MÉTODOS: Fetos singênicos ou alogênicos em relação às respectivas mães foram obtidos através de cruzamentos de camundongos com linhagens genéticas bem definidas (A/J e Balb/c). As fêmeas grávidas foram alimentadas ad libitum com dieta normal contendo 22% de proteínas ou dieta com restrição, contendo 14% de proteína e aporte máximo de 70% do total consumido pelo grupo em dieta livre. No final da gestação, o número de unidades feto-placentárias e de perdas fetais, o peso da placenta e do feto, assim como o peso do cérebro e do fígado foram anotados. RESULTADOS: Os fetos das mães submetidas à desnutrição mostraram redução no peso corpóreo, placentário e cerebral (p<0.01), sendo que a associação entre a compatibilidade genética materno-fetal resultou em maior restrição ao crescimento fetal (p<0.01). Foi observada uma redução no número de fetos viáveis por fêmea entre os animais do grupo de restrição nutricional (p<0.01). Embora a ocorrência de compatibilidade genética materno-fetal tenha resultado na redução do número de fetos viáveis e numa tendência ao aumento de perdas fetais, esta diferença não foi significante. CONCLUSÕES: Em camundongos, a ocorrência de histocompatibilidade genética materno-fetal não modificou o crescimento fetal; a desnutrição materna durante a gestação resultou em retardo de crescimento fetal com menor tamanho da ninhada, e a associação dos dois fatores aumentou a redução do peso fetal.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics , Malnutrition/complications , Fetal Development , Pregnancy Complications , Fetal Growth Retardation/etiology , Diet , Fetal Development/genetics , Fetus/immunology , Pregnancy/immunology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Fetal Growth Retardation/genetics , Weight Gain
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 129(4): 441-6, abr. 2001.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-287008

ABSTRACT

Diverse propositions about the ontogenetic origin of a live organism, specially human beings, are examined. Unambiguous and objective propositions about this origin are that a live organism is an ontogenetically programmed and integrated organisation, that the origin condition has the greater influence on other processes, that in pluricellular organisms, no organ or tissue can be considered critical to establish origins and that the origin must be established by endogenous elements. Several hypotheses about the origin of life are discarded. The integration between oocyte cytoplasm and the genetic material that it receives, that culminates in the first genome replication, is proposed as the process that gives origin to the individual. This process occurs in all living organisms


Subject(s)
Humans , Organelle Biogenesis , Genome, Human , Fetal Development/genetics , Individuality , Ethics, Medical
16.
Rev. obstet. ginecol. Venezuela ; 56(2): 75-81, jun. 1996. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-192519

ABSTRACT

En un grupo de 36 familias, con incidencia de embarazo anembrionado (EA) se estudiaron, la edad materna, los apellidos de los ancestros, el origen geográfico, los coeficientes de consanguinidad y la segregación mendeliana. El diagnóstico en presencia o ausencia de signos clínicos de aborto inminente. Cuentas espermáticas anormales se observaron en dos padres y los cariotipos se reportaron normales en todas las parejas. Las familias estudiadas tienen ancestros originarios preferiblemente de zonas rurales de la región Centro Occidental de Venezuela, (Zulia, Táchira, Mérida, Trujillo, Lara y Falcón). Los apellidos González y Martínez, parecen más frecuentes entre ancestros de parejas con incidencia de EA (66,6 por ciento), que entre otras familias consultantes en servicios de génetica (20 por ciento) y el origen del segundo apellido mencionado es del Distrito Perijá en un 25 por ciento de las familias estudiadas. Los coeficientes de consanguinidad (de los padres Fp=0,0128, de las madres Fm=0.0065, y de los embriones Fe=0,0064), fueron mayores de lo esperado para esta población (F=0,0008). El análisis demostró una segregación cercana a la esperada para herencia recesiva (p=0,2592), sólo al introducir en los cálculos un factor II=0,36 para corregir por el sesgo de selección. Estos hallazgos sugieren una causa génetica, quizá preferentemente recesiva, pero sin poder descartar otras etiologías en la incidencia del EA y justifican subsiguientes investigaciones al respecto.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy Complications , Pregnancy , Incidence , Fetal Development/physiology , Fetal Development/genetics
17.
Rev. obstet. ginecol. Venezuela ; 56(1): 39-42, mar. 1996. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-180792

ABSTRACT

Se presenta un caso con restricción de crecimiento fetal severo, peso neonatal 400 g y sobrevida. Se comenta el diagnóstico prenatal y manejo perinatal


Subject(s)
Pregnancy , Humans , Female , Pregnancy/physiology , Fetal Development/genetics , Fetus/pathology , Perinatology/methods , Ultrasonography , Hyperplasia/diagnosis , Hypertrophy/diagnosis , Neonatology/methods , Obstetrics
19.
Rev. méd. Hosp. Gen. Méx ; 57(1): 7-14, ene.-mar. 1994. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-143038

ABSTRACT

Con el objeto de estudiar el patrón de crecimiento craneofacial ante la ausencia del arco cigomático por su resección en etapa temprana, se estudiaron 82 ratas Wistar divididas en tres grupos: grupo I, testigo; Grupo II, animales con resección bilateral. Los producto fueron sacrificados a los cuatro meses de edad para su estudio cefalométrico y de cráneo seco. Se presentan los resultados y se discuten las posibles causas de las alteraciones de crecimiento observadas que, extrapoladas al patrón de crecimiento del síndrome de Treacher Collins, permiten concluir que el arco cigomático tiene un efecto moderador en el desarrollo morfológico de la cara


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Rats , Cephalometry , Fetal Development/genetics , Maxillofacial Development/genetics , Surgery, Plastic/economics , Surgery, Plastic/rehabilitation , Skull/abnormalities , Branchial Region/abnormalities , Branchial Region/embryology
20.
Rev. chil. anat ; 12(1): 5-11, 1994. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-144037

ABSTRACT

La forma y complejidad de la clavícula varía en las distintas especies animales: es máxima en aquellas que vuelan o mantienen una posición bípeda y reducida o no existe en las que se apoyan y desplazan sobre sus cuatro miembros. Se estudió la evolución prenatal del área clavicular en felinos: animales con clavícula afuncional y ovinos que no presentan este carácter. Se realizó un estudio morfológico y morfométrico computacional de la clavícula en 12 embriones y fetos felinos entre 25 y 48 días de gestación y 6 embriones y fetos ovinos de 37 a 45 días. En ambas especies se detectó un desplazamiento en el inicio de la osificación clavicular (27 por ciento de gestación transcurrida en ovino y 53 por ciento en felinos) lo cual es tardío en comparación con el 16 por ciento de la especie humana. La forma y longitud de la clavícula es diferente en las dos especies, su presencia es efímera en ovinos, en cambio, en el gato se mantiene con pocos cambios. Ninguna de las dos desarrolla cartílagos secundarios. Si bien especies tendrían información genética para desarrollar este caracter, su aparición heterocrónica en relación a las especies claviculados, sumado a la falta de formación de cartílagos secunadarios serían responsables de la involución que la lleva a mantener una presencia vestigial o su regresión definitiva


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Cats/embryology , Clavicle/embryology , Sheep/embryology , Bone Development/genetics , Fetal Development/genetics
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL